In the fall of 1939 the Nazis started shutting the Jews in ghettos in Poland and east Europe.
The ghettos were generally established in the poor and crowded areas of the city. Thousands of Jews were transferred to a small closed place, and overcrowding became one of the most difficult ghetto problems. Families were forced to share an apartment and live with all family members in one tiny room. Overcrowding, poor living conditions, lack of elementary hygienic facilities, and hunger were the cause of many diseases.