List of references
Marking the Jews
- Children Playing in the Street, Lodz, Poland. From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Zehava Zuckerman, Vilnius, Lithuania. From “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
- Testimony of Ruth Minsky-Sender, from “Through Our Eyes: Children Experience the Holocaust”, Itzhak B. Tatelbaum, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2004, p. 76.
- The Testimony of Bilha Shefer, Germany. From the Testimonies Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Children Wear the Yellow Star, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Czechoslovakia. From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- A fabric with cotton yellow starts, ready to be cut. From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
- A plastic armband from the Warsaw Ghetto.From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
- The Holocaust Children and the Yellow Star, Paul Fux, from Itzhak B. Tatelbaum’s collection. The drawing appears on the cover of the book “Through Our Eyes: Children Experience the Holocaust”, Itzhak B. Tatelbaum, Dudu Publication, Kiryat Arba, 1987 (Second Ed. 1993).
- The Armband Seller in the Ghetto, 1942, pencil & colored pencil on paper. Halina Olomucki (Warsaw). From the Art Museum, Yad Vashem.
Closure and Isolation
- Deportation of Jews to the Warsaw Ghetto, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Building the Warsaw Ghetto wall, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Children in rags near the Warsaw Ghetto wall, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem
- Hessia Ben Dov, Zehava Zuckerman, Israel Aviram. From “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
- Yitskhok Rudashevski, “The Diary of a Vilnius Boy”. Publication of the Ghetto Fighters House and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, Tel-Aviv, 1964.
- Yitskhok Rudashevski on his way to school, Vilnius, Lithuania.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Bedrich Fritta, “Tommy”, translated from Czech by: Ruth Bondy, Yad Vashem Publication, 1999.
- A pendant from Theresienstadt Ghetto made by Dr. Karl Schleisner for his daughter. The Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
The Crowded Ghetto
- Warsaw Ghetto square, Poland. From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- A Jewish doctor visits a synagoge that was turned into an almshouse for Jewish refugees in Wasaw Ghetto, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- The market in Warsaw Ghetto.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Shmuel Gal, Hessia Ben Dov and Zehava Zuckerman.From “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
- Michael, Czestochowa Ghetto, from: “Adult Children: Study Program on Life in the Ghetto” (a booklet for 7-8 Grade students), by: Naomi Morgenstern & Carmit Sagi, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1996, p. 40.
- Benjamin, Vilnius Ghetto, from: “Adult Children: Study Program on Life in the Ghetto” (a booklet for 7-8 Grade students), by: Naomi Morgenstern & Carmit Sagi, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1996, p. 44.
- Living Room in the Children’s House, Peter Ginz, Theresienstadt Ghetto (1943). Also exists in Yad Vashem’s database: Yad Vashem Art Museum.
Hunger in the Ghetto
- Children eat in a soup kitchen, Warsaw Ghetto, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Israel Aviram and Zehava Zuckerman, from “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
- Waiting line for soup near the refugee almshouse, Warsaw Ghetto. From the virtual exhibition “Photography in Warsaw Ghetto”: the welfare organization ablums (FA-32-36).
- Sara Plager-Zyskind, “the Lost Crown”, publication of the Ghetto Fighters House & Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1978.
- Bread coupon from Lodz Ghetto.From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem.
- Present – a bread coupon pendant from Lodz Ghetto.From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem.
Children Smugglers
- Children help another child out of his hiding place, Warsaw Ghetto, Poland. From this site.
- Children cross the fence, Warsaw, Poland (1). Yad Vashem Archive.
- Children cross the fence, Warsaw, Poland (2). Yad Vashem Archive.
- alina Olomucki. From “Mother, What is ‘Far’? – A collection of poems about children in the Holocaust, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1998, p. 18.
- “Harshek” by Stephania Nay, from “Mother, What is ‘Far’? – A collection of poems about children in the Holocaust, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1998, p. 7.
- Hanna’s Testimony, from "“Adult Children: Study Program on Life in the Ghetto” (a booklet for 7-8 Grade students), by Naomi Morgenstern & Carmit Sagi, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1996, p. 39.
- David Ephrati and Shmuel Gal, from “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
Children at Work
- Children selling cigarettes on the Aryan side, Warsaw, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Hessia Ben Dov and Israel Aviram, Lodz Ghetto, Poland, from “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
- Children sell books in Warsaw Ghetto. From this site.
- Jewish children work at a locksmith workshop in Lodz Ghetto. From the book “The Last Ghetto” – Life in Lodz Ghetto 1940-1944”, Michal Unger, Ed., Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1995.
- A Jewish boy paints toys at a domestic workshop in Warsaw Ghetto, Poland, probably in the year 1941.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Children selling pretzels, in the Warsaw Ghetto, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Sara Plager-Zyskind, “the Lost Crown”, publication of the Ghetto Fighters House & Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1978.
- Menachem, from “Adult Children: Study Program on Life in the Ghetto” (a booklet for 7-8 Grade students), by Naomi Morgenstern & Carmit Sagi, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1996, pp. 32-42.
- Drawings from “The Legend of the Lodz Ghetto Children” (a study unit for 10-12 Grade students), by Carmit Sagi & Naomi Morgenstern, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1998.
Grownup Children
- A boy feeding his sister, Lodz, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- The testimony of Israel Hadar.From the Testimony Archive, Yad Vashem.
- The testimony of Israel Ernest, from “Circles” – Study Units for Heritage Lessons. Subject: Bar/Bat Mitzvah, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 2001-2002, p. 3. From the Testimony Archive, Yad Vashem.
- A boy feeding his sister, Lodz, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Two girls on the Aryan side, Cracow, Poland.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- “Once I Was a Boy” by Hanus Hachenburg, from the book “There Are No Butterflies Here”, translation: Lea Goldberg, published by Moreshet & Sifriyat Hapoalim, first ed. 1966, third ed. 1996.
- The testimony of Halina Birenbaum, from the cassette “In the Warsaw Ghetto”, published by Beit Hatfutzot, 1988.
Schools in the Ghetto
- A class of elementary school students, Lodz Ghetto, Poland, 1941.From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Zehava Zuckerman, Vilnius Ghetto, Lithuania. From “Don’t Take My Father”, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2003.
- Children study at the underground school, Kaunas Ghetto, Lithuania. From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Yitskhok Rudashevski, the Diary of a Vilnius Boy. Publication of the Ghetto Fighters House and Hakibutz Hameuchad, Tel-Aviv, 1964.
- A School in Shavli ghetto, Ephraim Dekel. in “Between our Yesterdays and our Tomorrows”, p. 121.
- Sara Zelor-Orbach, from “Through Our Eyes: Children Experience the Holocaust”, Itzhak B. Tatelbaum, publication of the International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2004, p. 89.
- “Through the Window of my House: Memories from Lodz Ghetto”, Yad Vashem Publication, Jerusalem, 1964.
- ‘Story Hour’, Pavel Pantl. From the Art Museum collection, Yad Vashem.
- ‘A Ghetto School’, Jacob Lifschitz. From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.‘Sapphire’, Jacob Lifschitz, no. 3380/720, courtesy of Borwicz Collection
- An invitation for a celebration at the “Tiferet Bachorim”, the Talmud Torah religious elementary school, Kaunas Ghetto, Lithuania. From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
Children’s Newspapers
All references are taken from the book: Comrade, the children’s newspaper “Kamarad” in Theresienstadt Ghetto (Terezin) 1943-1944, Yad Vashem Publication, Jerusalem, 1998. Translation from Czech, Introduction and Notes by: Ruth Bondy.
Photographs and color photos in the book: with the courtesy of the Terezin House, Kibbutz Givat Hayim Ichud.
- Page 154 onward. Illustration from the comics series “Zandluzando” in the newspaper “Kamarad”, published in Theresienstadt Ghetto. The series was written and illustrated by the editor, Ivan Polak.
- P. 72. Michael Kraus, from the newspaper “Kamarad”, published in Theresienstadt Ghetto
- P. 31. Zgavanina (Ivan Polak’s literary name) the 14-year old newspaper editor. Description of the process of creating “Kamarad” in weekly continuations from issue 7 on November 10, 1943 to issue 15 on February 18, 1944.
- P. 81. Michael Kraus. From “Kamarad” published in Theresienstadt Ghetto.
Wings of Imagination
- ‘The Butterfly’, Eva (Hava) Lubova, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Czechoslovakia. From the book “There Are No Butterflies Here”, published by Moreshet & Sifriyat Hapoalim, first ed. 1966, third ed. 1996.
- ‘The Butterfly’, Eva (Hava) Lubova, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Czechoslovakia. From the book “There Are No Butterflies Here”, published by Moreshet & Sifriyat Hapoalim, first ed. 1966, third ed. 1996.
- ‘The Butterfly’, Pavel Friedmann, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Czechoslovakia; translation: Lea Goldberg.From the book “There Are No Butterflies Here”, published by Moreshet & Sifriyat Hapoalim, first ed. 1966, third ed. 1996
- From ‘Walls All Around Us’: a study kit on the subject of ghettos, booklet 2 – Isolation and Detachment. Written and edited by: Naama Galil & Hadas Steuer, the International School for Holocaust Studies. No year of publication. The diary of an unknown woman, Lodz Ghetto, Yad Vashem archive.
- ‘A Dream’, Abraham (Avramek) Kopolovitz, from “Self Parable (Of Myself) – Poems of a Lodz Ghetto Boy”. Published by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1995, pp. 45-46.
- ‘A conversation with a child’, Vladislav Schlengel; translation: Halina Birenbaum. From the book “What I Read to the Dead – Warsaw Ghetto Poems”, published by Traklin, Tel-Aviv, 1987, p. 68.
Children’s Games
- Jewish children play in Krochmalna Street, Warsaw Ghetto. from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website http://www.ushmm.org
- Children play at the children’s home in Warsaw Ghetto, Poland, April 1940. from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website.
- The children’s house yard in the ghetto. Children play ping pong in Leszno St., Warsaw Ghetto, April 1940. from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website.
- Childrhood in Kaunas Ghetto. From: Shalom Eilati, “Crossing the River”, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, pp. 84-85.
- Children play in Kaunas Ghetto (December 1943). from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website.
- A game of Monopoly from Theresienstadt Ghetto.From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
- The doll “Zuzia” who accompanied Yael Rosner at her hiding place in Warsaw Ghetto. From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
Theater in the Ghetto
- Warsaw Ghetto – a theater play, May 1941. From the virtual exhibition: “To Live with Honor and to Die with Honor”.
- Children perform the musical “Brundibar” in Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1944. Yad Vashem Archive, B2977/160.
- Children perform the musical “Brundibar” in Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1944. Yad Vashem Archive, A2977/172.
- From: Abraham Sutzkever, Vilnius Ghetto, Sechvi Publication, Tel-Aviv, 1947, p. 88.
- The testimony of 12-year old H.P., Theresienstadt Ghetto. from“A Guide to the Terezin Visitor”, Terezin House, Society & Youth Administration, 1999, p. 28
- Abraham Sutzkever, Vilnius Ghetto, Sechvi Publication, Tel-Aviv, 1947, p. 88.
Bar/Bat-Mitzvah in the Ghetto
- Into Shymshi’s bar-mitzvah celebration. Salonica, August 8, 1936. From the Film & Photo Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Israel Ernest, Lodz Ghetto, Poland.From the Testimony Archive, Yad Vashem.
- Moshe Porat, Debrecen Ghetto, Hungary. From “Circles” – Study Units for Heritage Lessons, Bar/Bat Mitzvah Unit. Written and edited by Yael Richler-Friedman & Shlomit Dunkelblum-Steiner, the International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 2001-2002, p. 7.
- Prayer shawl and a bag for the prayer shawl given to Yiji Bader, Theresienstadt Ghetto, on his Bar-Mitzvah.From the Artifacts Collection, Yad Vashem Museum.
Hanukkah in the Ghetto
- A Hanukkah celebration in Lodz Ghetto, Poland, 1943.Yad Vashem Archive.
- A Hanukkah celebration in Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1943.Yad Vashem Archive.
- From: Emanuel Ringelblum, “Latest Documents – Polish-Jews Relationships”, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1994, p. 11.
- A Hanukkah lamp, given as present to the Judenrat Chair, Chaim Mordechai Rumkowski in Lodz by the manager of the paper-mill in the ghetto.
- A Hanukkah lamp from Warsaw Ghetto, which was found in the ghetto ruins.Both Hanukkah lamps belong to Yad Vashem’s Artifacts Collection, and are currently found at Yad Vashem Museum.
